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Vascular complications are the primary cause of the high disability and mortality in diabetic patients. Vascular calcification is a pathological basis of diabetic vascular complications and increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and the difficulty of revascularization in diabetic patients. It is of great clinical value to explore the measures for prevention and treatment of diabetic vascular calcification with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. This paper explores the intrinsic association of stasis， toxin， and deficiency with diabetic vascular calcification to reveal the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular calcification. Stasis and toxin are causally affected by and combined with each other； deficiency refers to the deficiency of healthy Qi and the loss of Qi and blood. The three elements are associated with the occurrence and development of blood vessel diseases. This paper proposes the evolutional law of stasis， toxin， and deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） for diabetic vascular calcification. Specifically， diabetic vascular calcification is rooted in the stasis of meridians and collaterals， develops due to the combination of stasis and toxin， and is aggravated by middle Qi deficiency. Furthermore， this paper proposes the TCM intervention principle of activating blood， removing toxin， tonifying deficiency， and dredging collaterals for the prevention and treatment of diabetic vascular calcification. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for clinical and translational research on the prevention and treatment of diabetic vascular calcification with integrated Chinese and Western medicine.
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The clinical treatment of IgA nephropathy in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) can be treated from theories of Sanjiao, pharynx and kidney, collateral disease and Shaoyang. The Sanjiao theory declaims to clear away damp heat through the whole process of treatment, the upper Jiao lightening the Qi, the middle Jiao clearing away damp heat, and the lower Jiao collecting astringency, strengthening the kidney and cooling blood. The theory of pharynx and kidney focuses on clearing away heat, detoxifying and making benefit of the pharynx, supplemented by tonifying the kidney and strengthening the spleen. In the treatment of collateral diseases, it is considered that the disease is caused by the external invasion of disease pathogens or the damage of the vein caused by the influence of evil Qi. The treatment should be combined with strengthening the right and eliminating evil, and paying attention to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis. The disease is caused by pooring Qi mechanism of Sanjiao and evil invading Shaoyang. The above TCM systems showed different treatment, but they all improve symptoms, reduce urinary protein quantification, improve quality of life with less adverse events.
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Anemia is one of the most common complications of rheumatoid arthritis （RA）. It is an important factor affecting the quality of life of patients and disease prognosis in addition to joint dysfunction. The pathogenesis of RA with anemia in western medicine is complex and diverse， and it is difficult to give consideration to medication. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has certain therapeutic advantages because it pays attention to overall regulation and syndrome differentiation. In recent years， with the in-depth exploration of the pathogenesis of RA in modern medicine and the continuous improvement of the idea of diagnosis and treatment combined with disease and syndrome in TCM， the connotation of TCM pathogenesis of RA has gradually broken through the traditional theoretical framework of "arthralgia syndrome"， and TCM etiology research of toxin in RA and its complications has received increasing attention. By tracing and sorting out the theory of "toxin caused arthralgia"， combing with the research results of the pathological mechanism of modern medicine， this thesis expounds the importance of toxins in the pathogenic factors of RA in TCM. On this basis， it is further proposed that "deficiency caused by toxic heat" is the core pathogenesis of RA with anemia. Deficiency of healthy Qi， the six exogenous factors， the seven emotional factors， and improper diet can lead to the formation of toxic heat， and damage to the joint structure and viscera， resulting in blood deficiency. To treat RA with anemia， the syndrome differentiation by stages is conducted based on the principle of detoxification and dredging collaterals， and the mechanism of self-made prescription Ersi decoction on RA complicated with anemia is explored based on previous research， to enrich the theoretical basis for the treatment of RA from toxic heat and provide new ideas for TCM differentiation and treatment of RA with anemia and other complications.
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Broca's aphasia is a common type of aphasia after stroke. Its etiology and pathogenes belong to deficient root and excessive superficial. Deficiency of qi and blood, liver and kidney yin is the origin of the disease, and wind, fire, phlegm and blood stasis are the symptoms. Acupuncture therapy aims to refresh the brain, dredge the orifices and amplify the sound, supplemented by benefiting qi and blood, removing phlegm and blood stasis, benefiting tongue. At present, scalp acupuncture, tongue acupuncture, electroacupuncture, characteristic acupuncture and acupuncture combined with other therapies are commonly used to treat the disease. It is observed that acupuncture combined with other therapies have showed advantages in reducing the disability, and realize the optimal principle.
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The application of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has a history of more than 2000 years, which have the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target, and high safety. Post-infectious cough (PIC) is a respiratory disease with high incidence. It belongs to subacute cough and accounts for as much as 40%–50%. Cough is the main clinical manifestation of PIC. PIC seriously affects people's life quality because of complex etiology, long-term course of disease, treatment difficulties and other characteristics. Western medicines are based on the principle of symptomatic treatment, so they are often difficult to control PIC fundamentally. These factors could due to that PIC is prolonged and unable to heal repeatedly. TCMs have obvious advantages in treating PIC, with accurate curative effects, less side effects and adverse reactions and are effective in improving PIC-related symptoms and indicators, enhancing patients' life quality and reducing pain. TCMs, guided by holistic concept and syndrome differentiation, advocate determine treatment on the basis of pattern types, and have remarkable clinical treatment effects. As for TCMs etiology, pathogenesis and syndrome types of PIC, TCM scholars have not yet reached a unified standard. However, most of them think that wind pathogen can cause PIC alone, or it can be combined with other evils, which might be the main mechanism of PIC. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of TCMs in PIC treatment from etiology, pathogenesis, distribution of syndrome types and treatment of TCMs. This article focuses on the treatment methods and pharmacodynamic material basis of wind pathogen, providing ideas in treating PIC of TCMs clinically and innovative drug development.
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Breast cancer is a systemic malignant tumor caused by multiple pathogenic factors， and its pathological mechanism is complex and has not been clarified so far. It has gradually become the largest killer threatening women's life. The common method for the treatment of breast cancer is lesion resection combined with radiation and chemical therapy， endocrine therapy， or targeted therapy. However， due to the limitations of western medicine therapies， there are still considerable breast cancer patients with poor disease control and high tumor recurrence rate in clinical practice. At the same time， the side effects and complications produced by these therapies affect the quality of life of patients. Therefore， it is urgent to develop new drugs or find safe and effective alternative therapies against breast cancer. Volatile oil （VO）， as a unique volatile component of Chinese herbal medicines， has anti-inflammatory， antiviral， and anti-tumor activities. It has been applied in the treatment of breast cancer and has demonstrated good efficacy by exerting the unique effects of strengthening healthy Qi， eliminating pathogenic factors， moving Qi， resolving stasis， warming Yang， soothing liver， and relieving depression. The recent studies have confirmed that VO and its chemical components can prevent and treat breast cancer via multiple mechanisms， while there is a lack of systematic review. The relevant literature published in recent years has demonstrated that VO can inhibit the occurrence and development of breast cancer by regulating the level of estrogen， inhibiting the proliferation and inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells， enhancing immunity， resisting inflammation， and regulating emotions. We introduced the pathogenesis of breast cancer， as well as the mechanisms and advantages of VO in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer， aiming to provide new ideas for the research on VO in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH）， a common disease in urology and andrology， is mainly manifested as enlarged prostate glands， bladder outlet obstruction， and lower urinary tract symptoms（LUTS）， which seriously affects the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly men. This disease falls into the categories of "retention of urine" and "prostatic hypertrophy" in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. In recent years，many doctors have put forward their understandings of BPH based on academic classics and their clinical experience. Clinical research on the treatment of BPH with TCM has become increasingly abundant. The basic pathogenesis of BPH lies in the disturbance of Qi transformation in the bladder and poor blood circulation due to kidney Qi deficiency in the aged. The disease is located in the kidney and the bladder and is related to the dysfunction of the lung and the kidney. It is basically characterized by deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality. A large number of clinical research reports have proved that TCM is efficient in alleviating the clinical symptoms of BPH patients， improving their quality of life， reducing the volume of the prostate， and decreasing postoperative complications. In addition， the external treatment methods of TCM， such as acupuncture therapy， moxibustion， hot water bathing， acupoint application， anal suppository， and enema therapy， are also widely used in clinical practice， demonstrating the diverse ways of TCM in treating BPH. TCM and western medicine complement each other's advantages in the treatment of BPH， thus enhancing the clinical efficacy and reducing the occurrence of long-term complications. This study reviewed the etiology， pathogenesis， and treatment progress of BPH with TCM in recent years， and summarized the current research status. From three aspects of producing high-quality clinical research， standardizing the clinical diagnosis and treatment of TCM， and combining cutting-edge research to explore the mechanism of TCM， it provided suggestions for clinical research on the treatment of BPH with TCM to promote the development and application of TCM in the treatment of this disease.
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ObjectiveTo explore the etiology and pathogenesis of Guizhitang syndrome， clarify the related suspicious cases debated by doctors in the past dynasties， and provide references for the clinical application of Guizhitang. MethodUnder the guidance of the "transformation in accord with constitution" theory， the etiology and pathogenesis of Guizhitang syndrome were analyzed by comparing the relevant articles in the classics such as Treatise on Cold Damage （Shanghanlun） and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber （Jingui Yaolue）. ResultGuizhitang syndrome not only refers to the greater yang wind-invasion syndrome. Instead， it can be divided into two categories， i.e.， exogenous Guizhitang syndrome and miscellaneous Guizhitang syndrome. The basic etiology of exogenous Guizhitang syndrome is internal blood deficiency or yin deficiency after severe diarrhea， which is the physical basis， namely the internal cause， while the wind is the external cause that results in cold. The basic etiology of miscellaneous Guizhitang syndrome is the deficiency of blood and body fluid without the external cause. The pathogenesis of Guizhitang syndrome is neither weak nutrient Qi and defensive qi nor strong nutrient Qi but weak defensive Qi. It attributes to weak nutrient qi and strong defensive qi or disorder of defensive Qi. The essence of the pathogenesis of Guizhitang syndrome is not ″exterior deficiency″ but ″deficiency of nutrient Qi″. ″Floating Yang and weak Yin″ does not refer to the pathogenesis， but the pulse. Yang refers to the Cun pulse and Yin refers to the Chi pulse. ConclusionThe etiology and pathogenesis of Guizhitang syndrome are controversial among ancient and modern doctors and textbooks. Many physicians annotate this problem but few pay attention to the constitution basis. According to the ″transformation in accord with constitution″ theory， the constitution is the internal basis for the formation of diseases and syndromes. The formation of Guizhitang syndrome is underpinned by the inherent constitution. ″Transformation in accord with constitution″ theory is helpful to understand the formation mechanism of Guizhitang syndrome. A new understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of Guizhitang syndrome based on the ″transformation in accord with constitution″ theory is helpful to reveal the use principle of Guizhitang by ZHANG Zhong-jing. The exploration of the formation mechanism of various syndromes of six-meridian diseases and miscellaneous diseases， as well as the original idea of ZHANG Zhong-jing's prescriptions from the ″transformation in accord with constitution″ theory can provide a new idea for the understanding of ZHANG Zhong-jing's theory.
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This paper reviews the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the theories of different experts in TCM. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 involves dampness, toxin, heat, cold, blood stasis and deficiency. Dampness and poison were the core pathological factors. The treatment is based on the situation of patients in different regions and different stages of the disease, and focuses on dampness and toxin, with the purpose of eliminating evil and consolidating the foundation. Oral TCM prescriptions such as Qingfei-Paidu Decoction, Qingfei-Touxie-Fuzheng Decoction, Lianhua-Qingwen capsule (granule) show good curative effect. TCM non drug therapies, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, acupoint application, ear acupuncture, traditional exercises, etc., are mostly aimed at light, ordinary and convalescent patients, which can improve symptoms. However, high-quality TCM research is still needed.
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Lumbago disease is a common disease, which mainly manifested as acute or chronic pain in the lumbar spine or paraspinal region, mainly represented by lumbar disc herniation in clinical practice. The new drug, Yaotongning Capsule with better efficacy for lumbago in clinic, is made of Strychni Semen Pulveratum, Eupolyphaga Steleophaga, Cyathulae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Ephedrae Herba, Olibanum and Myrrh (prepared with vinegar), scorpion, Bombyx Batryticatus (bran fried), and Atractylodis Rhizoma (bran fried). This paper analyzes the etiology and pathogenesis of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation through traditional Chinese medicine, and explores the mechanism of treating lumbar intervertebral disc herniation with Yaotongning Capsule from the perspective of prescription theory, so as to provide theoretical basis for clinical application of Yaotongning Capsule.
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In this paper, the author systematically summarized and explained the idea of Prof. JIANG Liang-duo for preventing and treating the coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19). According to Prof. JIANG, in the early stage of the disease, dampness and heat injury to the lung is the main cause and pathogenesis, and the high-risk group can be protected by supplementing Qi and nourishing Yin, clearing away heat and penetration. The patients with mild disease can be treated with Chinese medicine. But the accurately treatment can be given only knowing the ratio of the dampness, heat, deficiency and excess. For the patients with severe disease, both strengthening and removing pathogenic factors are important. But the drug for Qi should be prescribed instead of drugs for blood. The prognosis of critical illed patients is very poor, and the method of Invigorating Qi and taking Jin is useful to strengthen the foundation, promot lung, remove dampness, clear heat and cool Ying. Clinical medication should be adjusted according to people, time and place in the different situations.
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At present, viral myocarditis is still an important problem to be solved in clinical practice. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages in the treatment of this disease. However, there is still a lack of relevant clinical practice guidelines to standardize and guide the diagnosis and treatment of this disease by TCM. Within the framework of relevant laws, regulations and technical guidance documents, International Clinical Practice Guideline of Traditional Chinese Medicine·Viral Myocarditis was developed by consensus of experts through the classification of evidences and recommendation of opinions based on relevant clinical research evidences at home and abroad in recent years. This guideline introduces the diagnosis, etiology, pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation and treatment, acupuncture treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of viral myocarditis. And it will provide guidance for clinicians of TCM and integrated Chinese and western medicine engaged in the prevention and treatment of viral myocarditis.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological reproductive endocrine and metabolic disorder disease. The clinical manifestations of PCOS are diversified, with and no ovulation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and polycystic ovaries as the main pathological and physiological changes, which can lead to non-ovulation infertility and ovulatory dysfunction infertility, cause complications, such as amenorrhea, diabetes, lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism disorder, and endanger the long-term health of the body. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) does not have the name of this disease, and classifies PCOS to the category of "amenorrhea", "infertility" and "abdominal mass kidney" according to its clinical manifestations. Compared with western medicine, TCM has a unique view in treating the disease, and believes that the disorders of liver, kidney and spleen functions jointly affect the occurrence and development of the disease. According to the literature review, kidney-deficiency syndrome is the main syndrome type of this disease, the kidney-tonifying method has achieved a good effect in clinic. Besides, the drug use is flexible and diversified, and both primary and secondary symptoms are taken into consideration. However, in the clinical application process, the application of kidney-tonifying method in PCOS has been affected by the thinking mode of "kidney-tonifying medicine for male diseases" to some extent. In view of this, the therapeutic effect of kidney-tonifying drugs in the treatment of PCOS is preliminarily demonstrated from several aspects of the relationship between kidney deficiency and reproduction, pathogenesis of PCOS, clinical research and experimental research of PCOS, in the expectation of providing theoretical and practical supports for kidney-tonifying therapy for PCOS and other gynecological diseases.
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Motor neuron disease(MND) is a group of progressive motor neuron diseases and the pathogenesis is not well defined.The pathologic hallmark of MND is death of lower motor neurons(consisting of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and their brainstem homologues innervating bulbar muscles) and upper, or corticospinal, motor neurons.The clinical manifestations of MND are mucsle weakness, muscle atrophy, fasciculations, bulbar paralysis and positive pyramidal signs.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) named MND as flaccidity syndrome.Recently, some scholars have proposed that "MND" can be regarded as an independent research object of TCM.At present, symptomatic supportive treatment is the main treatment for MMD in western medicine, which can only slow the progress of the disease.TCM treatment for MND has advantages of more effective than western medicine, fewer adverse reactions and lower price.So TCM can be used as an effective method for combined treatment of MND.This article reviews the research progress of syndrome and treatment of MND with TCM.
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Based on our research team's clinical and basic research results of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke, and combined with TCM syndrome standard manifestations of this disease, wind, phlegm, fire, deficiency and blood stasis, this paper points out definitely that the basic pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is blood stasis caused by deficiency of both Qi and Yin. The pathogenic characteristics are deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality, and the wind, fire, phlegm, deficiency and blood stasis are related one another resulting in this disease; it is established that the basic syndrome types of this disease are deficiency of both Qi and Yin and static blood blocking the collaterals, and the therapeutic regime is a recipe including the TCM ingredients having the actions of nourishing yin, tonifying Qi and improving blood circulation (Yangyin Yiqi Huoxue) and according to the patient's individual variation of syndrome differentiation, the ingredients in the recipe can be added or subtracted. In this report, a new system of treatment for ischemic stroke based on syndrome differentiation is proposed.
ABSTRACT
Motor neuron disease(MND) is a group of progressive motor neuron diseases and the pathogenesis is not well defined.The pathologic hallmark of MND is death of lower motor neurons (consisting of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and their brainstem homologues innervating bulbar muscles ) and upper, or corticospinal,motor neurons.The clinical manifestations of MND are mucsle weakness ,muscle atrophy,fasciculations,bulbar paralysis and positive pyramidal signs.Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) named MND as flaccidity syndrome.Recently,some scholars have proposed that "MND" can be regarded as an independent research object of TCM.At present,symptomatic supportive treatment is the main treatment for MMD in western medicine ,which can only slow the progress of the disease.TCM treatment for MND has advantages of more effective than western medicine ,fewer adverse reactions and lower price.So TCM can be used as an effective method for combined treatment of MND.This article reviews the research progress of syndrome and treatment of MND with TCM.
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Hypoxia is one of the most important characteristics of malignant tumor microenvironment, and its degree is closely related to the development and prognosis of the tumor. Hypoxia promotes neovascularization in tumor microenvironment, which leads to changes of energy metabolism and the formation of drug tolerance in tumor. Studies in recent years have shown that TCM can interfere with the occurrence and development of hypoxia tumor microenvironment in certain aspects, thus inhibiting tumor growth. This article summarized recent studies on the etiology, pathogenesis, and TCM intervention for the occurrence and development of hypoxia tumor microenvironment in terms of spleen deficiency, blood stasis, and phlegm retention, and provided a reference for clinical intervention of tumors and research and development of new drugs.
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[Objective] To explore the similarities and differences between ancient and modern physicians in treating "bone atrophy"so as to provide reference for clinical treatment of renal osteodystrophy, bone tuberculosis and osteoporosis. [Method] Summarizing the similarities and differences between ancient and modern physicians in etiology and pathogenesis and treatment of syndrome differentiation of bone atrophy by consulting the literatures. [Results] Ancient and modern physicians have connections and differences in treatment based on syndrome differentiation of bone atrophy.Ancient physicians who treated bone atrophy whose syndrome was evil invading XiGu, deficiency of spleen and kidney with coordinating meridian of Yangming, getting rid of evil obtained better effects and the syndrome of Qi deficiency and blood stasis, damage of Yin and Yang that treated with enriching Qi and activating blood, nourishing yin and tonifying yang as well. Modern physicians who treated bone atrophy whose syndrome was deficiency of spleen and kidney, dampness and blood stasis with nourishing kidney and spleen, activating blood and draining turbidity obtained certain effects and the syndrome of kidney and essence deficiency, blood and Qi stasis that treated with strengthening bones and essence, promoting flow of qi and blood as well. So as the syndrome of Yang deficiency of kidney, phlegm and blood stasis resisting meridian. [Conclusion] Ancient and modern physicians have certain effects in the treatment of bone atrophy.They both believe that Qi and blood stasis are the factors which lead to bone atrophy, therefore, activating Qi and blood as treatment of bone atrophy are both agreed.The difference is that the ancient physicians believed that the spleen and stomach deficiency was the key to the formation of bone atrophy.Coordinating Yangming meridian as treatment.Modern physicians believe that kidney deficiency and blood stasis is the key to the formation of bone atrophy.Nourishing kidney and activating blood as treatment mainly.
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[Objective]To explore the Qufeng method in hypertension treatment, and guide the application of this method in clinical practice. [Methods] Published articles were searched to collect the study results and application experience in the etiology and pathogenesis, adaptive syndrome and prescription selection of Qufeng method, as well as the early application according to the characteristics of time in external wind caused hypertension.[Results]Wind -dryness along with cold or fire, Qi stagnation and blood stasis, internal wind caused by external wind were the main etiology and pathogenesis of wind caused hypertension. The adaptive syndrome of Qufeng therapy in such hypertension included exterior hampered by pathogenic wind, exterior tightened by pathogenic wind-cold, exterior attacked by wind-heat, stagnation and blood stasis caused by wind-cold, five sydromes caused by internal wind. Qufeng therapy should be applied in early stage according to the characteristics of time. [Conclusion]Qufeng therapy exhibits an important role in treating hypertension, and it should be paid attention to during the clinical practice.
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[Objective] To sum up Pro. FU Huazhou's clinical thought for making interventions in tumor-associated depression.[Method]By following the supervisor clinic,sorting out the related medical materials and tumor-associated depression's literature data.Summarize the supervisor's academic view and clinical thinking in the differentiation and treatment of tumor-associated depression.[Results] In professor FU Huazhou's opinion, tumor-associate d depression is the pathological depression or syndrome in the process of diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumor, which is closely related to tumor. Pro. FU's theory is based on the exploration of the etiology,emotion guidance of TCM,Chinese medicine treatment of somatization disorder.Through the guidance of emotion, improving the symptoms of somatization disorder, the life quality of tumor patients can be improved.[Conclusion] Pro. FU Huazhou makes interventions in the treatment of tumor-associated depression by using emotion guidance of TCM and putting forward the principle of"Treatment of tumor-associated depression, it is necessary to treat tumor, relieving the depressed liver as a supplement". The treatment of both mind and body shows curative effect,worth learning and promotion.